Secret Chinese POW Camps During the Korean War
在朝鲜战争时的中国秘密战俘营
Almost all American POWs returned at the end of the Korean War had been held in Chinese-operated prison camps located in North Korea (China, North Korea and the Soviet Union fought together against the US, United Nations forces and South Korea during the conflict). Held in China itself at various times were at most several dozen or so US prisoners, the Pentagon now claims, located in only three Chinese cities: Beijing, Dandong and Shenyang. Of those, all were returned in 1953 except for fifteen American aviators (and one Canadian), held a few years after the war, plus two CIA officers released in the 1970s.
What the Pentagon does not prefer to discuss are classified documents from the CIA and Army intelligence released decades after the war. These wartime files state that Soviet advisors and Chinese POW officials decided to establish three types of POW camps for Americans. The first type, “normal camps,” would be located in North Korea and disclosed to the United States. The other two types of POW facilities, “reform” and “peace” camps, would be established in China for Americans with useful skills or believed susceptible to communist indoctrination. “Normal prisoner-of-war camps, all of which were in North Korea, detained prisoners whom the Communists will exchange. Prisoners in the peace and reform camps will not be exchanged,” reported a 1952 CIA report.
The “peace” and “reform” camps would not be acknowledged to the United States. They would be secret. No Americans would return from them. And US intelligence “confirmed” their existence during the war.
Based on information from numerous captured enemy prisoners and other intelligence, these declassified files include extensive detail on both “confirmed” and unconfirmed camps in China, including the addresses of secret POW camps in many locations other than Beijing, Dandong and Shenyang. They also report prisoners in those three locations who, if the reports are accurate, were clearly not among those released.
Some of the files even include the Chinese names of officials at the secret camps, addresses of facilities and even transliterated names of alleged US POWs being held. Among the details are reports of American captives being moved via train – shipments that match up with reports of Americans being transported through China to the Soviet Union (see the “Lead” US Korean War POWs in the USSR).
One example: Reports of American POWs in secret facilities in Harbin, a city in the northeast of China, began early in the war and increased over time. A captured enemy soldier reported about 80 Americans captured by the 338th Regiment were shipped to Harbin at the end of October 1950. The reason: “The CCF (Chinese) unit was unable to provide sufficient food to feed them,” after supplies were cut off by American airstrikes.
In June 1951, about 1,000 American and South Korean POWs were seen on a train, headed from Sinuiju, the North Korean city on the Yalu River border with China, to Harbin. This matches the place and general time mentioned by another captured soldier who reported US and other POWs being shipped from Sinuiju to unknown locations in China.
A month later, platoon leader, Liu Feng Chiang escorted fifty UN POWs to Harbin, he told US intelligence later that year. He spent about eight hours in the prison camp before heading back to North Korea, he said. A US intelligence official described Liu as intelligent and cooperative.
Liu described the POW camp in great detail and drew a map, saying it was a processing facility where hundreds of new US and allied prisoners spent several weeks before being sent to another camp. Though nominally under Chinese control, the Soviets really ran the facility and did the questioning of Americans. The Americans lived in cubicles which each had two wooden bunks. They were given a physical examination and interrogated to determine the “possibility of their acceptance of SOVIET teachings.” Records were maintained of the interrogation of each prisoner. For recreation there was ping pong, basketball and a weekly Soviet movie. Liu said the men appeared underweight. After a racial incident, the white and black POWs had been separated.
US intelligence was impressed with Liu and his information was “believed to be reliable.” If he really was “reliable,” this is a camp from which no Americans returned home.
Secret camps were also reported in other Chinese cities, including: Liuzhou; Shanghai; Liaoyang; Guangzhou; Hankou and Changchun.
…
If these secret camps actually existed, there are likely surviving Chinese and Soviet officials who worked there or knew about them, plus other witnesses and records concerning them.
PIP will provide a $1,000 research fee to the first contributor who can document the existence of one or more secret Chinese POW camps from which no American prisoners returned (documentation judge by our special advisors). We are also interested in the fate of Americans who were in these camps.
Clues can be found in the declassified US intelligence reports in this section.
所有从朝鲜战争结束后返回的美国战俘都曾被关在中国营的运朝鲜战俘营地(在战争期间,中国,北韩和苏联曾一同对抗美国,联合国部队和韩国)。五角大楼据称在中国在不同时间最多只有几十名美国俘虏,都只被关在三个中国城市:北京,丹东和沉阳。其中,除了在战后被关了几年的15名美国飞行员(和一名加拿大人)以及在70年代被释放的两名美国中央情报局官员以外,其余都在1953年遣返了。
五角大楼最不愿讨论的是中情局的机密文件和在战后数十年发布的陆军情报。这些战争时档案指出,苏联顾问和中国战俘官员决定为美国人建立三种战俘营。第一种是位于朝鲜的“普通营地”并为美国所知。另外两种战俘营是:“改革”和“和平”营。为拥有技能的美国人设立,或者认为受到共产主义的灌输。“所有共产党将要交换的战俘都关在位于朝鲜的“普通战俘营”。被关在改革和和平战俘营的战俘将不会被交换。”1952年的中情局的报告里指出。
“和平”和“改革”战俘营将不为美国所知。它们是秘密战俘营。将不会有美国人从那里被遣返。美国情报部门在战争中“确认”了他们的存在。
根据众多被俘敌军的情报和其他情报,这些解密档案中包括了中国“已确认”和未经确认的战俘营的详细情况,包括除了北京,丹东和沉阳以外许多地方的秘密战俘营的地址。报告里还指出这三个地点的战俘,如果这些报告是准确的,显然不是那些被释放的战俘。
有些文件甚至包括了一些在这些秘密战俘营的中国官员的名字,该设施的地址,甚至包括所谓的美国战俘的音译名称。其中相关的细节是关于美国俘虏通过火车运送的报道,这些报道与美国人通过中国运往苏联的报道相匹配(参见在前苏联的美国的韩战战俘“线索”)。
举个例子:在中国东北部的哈尔滨的秘密设施的美国战俘在战争初期就开始报道,并随着时间的推移而增加。一名被俘敌军报告说,第338团俘虏的大约80名美国人在1950年10月底被运往哈尔滨。原因是:“在美国的空袭中切断了供应之后,CCF(中国)部队就无法提供足够的食物来喂养他们。”
1951年6月,在从鸭绿江边境的朝鲜城市新义州到哈尔滨的列车上,发现了大约1000名美国和韩国的战俘。这与另外一名被捕的士兵提到的地点和时间相吻合,他们报告说美军和其他战俘从新义州运到中国不知名的地点。
一个月后,排长刘锋强(译音)陪同五十名联合国战俘到哈尔滨,他在当年较晚些时候告诉美国情报人员。在返回朝鲜之前,他在该战俘营待了8小时。一名美国情报人员形容刘先生是聪明且合作的。
刘先生详细描述了战俘营,并画了一张地图,说这是一个加工设施,数百名美国和盟军的俘虏在被送到另一个营地之前待在这里几个星期。尽管名义上由中国人控制,但真正掌控这个设施是苏联人,并对美国人提出审讯。美国人住在每个有两个木制铺位的隔间里。他们被进行体格检查,并进行审讯,以确定“接受苏联教义的可能性”。每一个被审问的囚犯都被保存记录中。那里还供有乒乓球,篮球和一星期一次的苏联电影作为休闲活动。刘先生说,那里的男人个个都体重不足。 在种族事件发生后,白人和黑人战俘被分隔开来。
美国情报局对于刘先生提供的信息感到震惊并认为该信息是可靠的。如果他真的可靠,那么这就是没有美国人返回家园的营地。
在中国其他城市也被报道有秘密营地,包括:柳州;上海;辽阳;贵州;汉口以及长春。
…
如果这些秘密营地真的存在,那么有可能还有存活着曾在那里工作过的中国和苏联官员或认识他们的人,也可能还有其他证人以及关于他们的相关记录。
第一位能够找出一个或更多关于没有美国人返回的中国秘密战俘营的相关记录贡献者将获得PIP提供的1000美元的研究费(记录将由我们的特别顾问来评估)。我们也对在这里营地里的美国人的命运感兴趣。
在本届中的解密美国情报局报告里能够找到相关的线索。
- PIP will provide a $1,000 research fee to the first contributor who can document the existence of one or more secret Chinese POW camps from which no American prisoners returned (the authenticity of the documentation to be judged by our special advisors)
- Clues can be found in declassified US intelligence reports in this section.
在朝鲜战争时的中国秘密战俘营
- 第一位能够找出一个或更多关于中国秘密战俘营的相关记录贡献者将获得PIP提供的1000美元的研究费(记录将由我们的特别顾问来评估)
- 相关线索能够从本节中的解密美国情报报告中找到。
Almost all American POWs returned at the end of the Korean War had been held in Chinese-operated prison camps located in North Korea (China, North Korea and the Soviet Union fought together against the US, United Nations forces and South Korea during the conflict). Held in China itself at various times were at most several dozen or so US prisoners, the Pentagon now claims, located in only three Chinese cities: Beijing, Dandong and Shenyang. Of those, all were returned in 1953 except for fifteen American aviators (and one Canadian), held a few years after the war, plus two CIA officers released in the 1970s.
What the Pentagon does not prefer to discuss are classified documents from the CIA and Army intelligence released decades after the war. These wartime files state that Soviet advisors and Chinese POW officials decided to establish three types of POW camps for Americans. The first type, “normal camps,” would be located in North Korea and disclosed to the United States. The other two types of POW facilities, “reform” and “peace” camps, would be established in China for Americans with useful skills or believed susceptible to communist indoctrination. “Normal prisoner-of-war camps, all of which were in North Korea, detained prisoners whom the Communists will exchange. Prisoners in the peace and reform camps will not be exchanged,” reported a 1952 CIA report.
The “peace” and “reform” camps would not be acknowledged to the United States. They would be secret. No Americans would return from them. And US intelligence “confirmed” their existence during the war.
Based on information from numerous captured enemy prisoners and other intelligence, these declassified files include extensive detail on both “confirmed” and unconfirmed camps in China, including the addresses of secret POW camps in many locations other than Beijing, Dandong and Shenyang. They also report prisoners in those three locations who, if the reports are accurate, were clearly not among those released.
Some of the files even include the Chinese names of officials at the secret camps, addresses of facilities and even transliterated names of alleged US POWs being held. Among the details are reports of American captives being moved via train – shipments that match up with reports of Americans being transported through China to the Soviet Union (see the “Lead” US Korean War POWs in the USSR).
One example: Reports of American POWs in secret facilities in Harbin, a city in the northeast of China, began early in the war and increased over time. A captured enemy soldier reported about 80 Americans captured by the 338th Regiment were shipped to Harbin at the end of October 1950. The reason: “The CCF (Chinese) unit was unable to provide sufficient food to feed them,” after supplies were cut off by American airstrikes.
In June 1951, about 1,000 American and South Korean POWs were seen on a train, headed from Sinuiju, the North Korean city on the Yalu River border with China, to Harbin. This matches the place and general time mentioned by another captured soldier who reported US and other POWs being shipped from Sinuiju to unknown locations in China.
A month later, platoon leader, Liu Feng Chiang escorted fifty UN POWs to Harbin, he told US intelligence later that year. He spent about eight hours in the prison camp before heading back to North Korea, he said. A US intelligence official described Liu as intelligent and cooperative.
Liu described the POW camp in great detail and drew a map, saying it was a processing facility where hundreds of new US and allied prisoners spent several weeks before being sent to another camp. Though nominally under Chinese control, the Soviets really ran the facility and did the questioning of Americans. The Americans lived in cubicles which each had two wooden bunks. They were given a physical examination and interrogated to determine the “possibility of their acceptance of SOVIET teachings.” Records were maintained of the interrogation of each prisoner. For recreation there was ping pong, basketball and a weekly Soviet movie. Liu said the men appeared underweight. After a racial incident, the white and black POWs had been separated.
US intelligence was impressed with Liu and his information was “believed to be reliable.” If he really was “reliable,” this is a camp from which no Americans returned home.
Secret camps were also reported in other Chinese cities, including: Liuzhou; Shanghai; Liaoyang; Guangzhou; Hankou and Changchun.
…
If these secret camps actually existed, there are likely surviving Chinese and Soviet officials who worked there or knew about them, plus other witnesses and records concerning them.
PIP will provide a $1,000 research fee to the first contributor who can document the existence of one or more secret Chinese POW camps from which no American prisoners returned (documentation judge by our special advisors). We are also interested in the fate of Americans who were in these camps.
Clues can be found in the declassified US intelligence reports in this section.
所有从朝鲜战争结束后返回的美国战俘都曾被关在中国营的运朝鲜战俘营地(在战争期间,中国,北韩和苏联曾一同对抗美国,联合国部队和韩国)。五角大楼据称在中国在不同时间最多只有几十名美国俘虏,都只被关在三个中国城市:北京,丹东和沉阳。其中,除了在战后被关了几年的15名美国飞行员(和一名加拿大人)以及在70年代被释放的两名美国中央情报局官员以外,其余都在1953年遣返了。
五角大楼最不愿讨论的是中情局的机密文件和在战后数十年发布的陆军情报。这些战争时档案指出,苏联顾问和中国战俘官员决定为美国人建立三种战俘营。第一种是位于朝鲜的“普通营地”并为美国所知。另外两种战俘营是:“改革”和“和平”营。为拥有技能的美国人设立,或者认为受到共产主义的灌输。“所有共产党将要交换的战俘都关在位于朝鲜的“普通战俘营”。被关在改革和和平战俘营的战俘将不会被交换。”1952年的中情局的报告里指出。
“和平”和“改革”战俘营将不为美国所知。它们是秘密战俘营。将不会有美国人从那里被遣返。美国情报部门在战争中“确认”了他们的存在。
根据众多被俘敌军的情报和其他情报,这些解密档案中包括了中国“已确认”和未经确认的战俘营的详细情况,包括除了北京,丹东和沉阳以外许多地方的秘密战俘营的地址。报告里还指出这三个地点的战俘,如果这些报告是准确的,显然不是那些被释放的战俘。
有些文件甚至包括了一些在这些秘密战俘营的中国官员的名字,该设施的地址,甚至包括所谓的美国战俘的音译名称。其中相关的细节是关于美国俘虏通过火车运送的报道,这些报道与美国人通过中国运往苏联的报道相匹配(参见在前苏联的美国的韩战战俘“线索”)。
举个例子:在中国东北部的哈尔滨的秘密设施的美国战俘在战争初期就开始报道,并随着时间的推移而增加。一名被俘敌军报告说,第338团俘虏的大约80名美国人在1950年10月底被运往哈尔滨。原因是:“在美国的空袭中切断了供应之后,CCF(中国)部队就无法提供足够的食物来喂养他们。”
1951年6月,在从鸭绿江边境的朝鲜城市新义州到哈尔滨的列车上,发现了大约1000名美国和韩国的战俘。这与另外一名被捕的士兵提到的地点和时间相吻合,他们报告说美军和其他战俘从新义州运到中国不知名的地点。
一个月后,排长刘锋强(译音)陪同五十名联合国战俘到哈尔滨,他在当年较晚些时候告诉美国情报人员。在返回朝鲜之前,他在该战俘营待了8小时。一名美国情报人员形容刘先生是聪明且合作的。
刘先生详细描述了战俘营,并画了一张地图,说这是一个加工设施,数百名美国和盟军的俘虏在被送到另一个营地之前待在这里几个星期。尽管名义上由中国人控制,但真正掌控这个设施是苏联人,并对美国人提出审讯。美国人住在每个有两个木制铺位的隔间里。他们被进行体格检查,并进行审讯,以确定“接受苏联教义的可能性”。每一个被审问的囚犯都被保存记录中。那里还供有乒乓球,篮球和一星期一次的苏联电影作为休闲活动。刘先生说,那里的男人个个都体重不足。 在种族事件发生后,白人和黑人战俘被分隔开来。
美国情报局对于刘先生提供的信息感到震惊并认为该信息是可靠的。如果他真的可靠,那么这就是没有美国人返回家园的营地。
在中国其他城市也被报道有秘密营地,包括:柳州;上海;辽阳;贵州;汉口以及长春。
…
如果这些秘密营地真的存在,那么有可能还有存活着曾在那里工作过的中国和苏联官员或认识他们的人,也可能还有其他证人以及关于他们的相关记录。
第一位能够找出一个或更多关于没有美国人返回的中国秘密战俘营的相关记录贡献者将获得PIP提供的1000美元的研究费(记录将由我们的特别顾问来评估)。我们也对在这里营地里的美国人的命运感兴趣。
在本届中的解密美国情报局报告里能够找到相关的线索。